Dying for a Craze
C. A. Asbrey
From the early 19th century broadsheets and periodicals became much more affordable, and a cheap form of entertainment was born. These publications gave the public topical informal, royal gossip, shipwrecks, disasters, and trials. Anything gruesome or salacious sold, so the various publications vied with one another to get the scoop on the latest crime, often with lurid pictures to drive home to the readers that theirs was the one to buy. That meant pushing murders to the front page, not only creating a craze for the genre, but it spawned a number of crazes on their own. One of the first to get this kind of treatment was the murder of Maria Martin (pronounced the old English way – Mar-eye-a, not the Spanish way). Maria was a molecatcher’s daughter who eloped, dressed as a boy, to marry farmer William Corder after giving birth to an illegitimate child. She disappeared, and the killer tried to convince here family she was fine in a series of letters. Her stepmother had a dream in which the ghost of Maria told her where to look for the body, and led locals to Maria’s grave in the red barn. Maria had been shot. By the time the body was found, Corder was married to someone else and had moved to London. Corder was tracked down, and brought back to Suffolk, tried, and hanged in Bury St. Edmunds in 1828. The child died, and there are suggestions that the child was murdered too.
The story had everything, murder, sex, cross-dressing, supernatural guidance, pregnancy outside of wedlock, lust, and love ending tragedy, so it’s no surprise that it produced more than just a newspaper story. A melodramatic play was written, which was even turned into a movie in 1936, but at the time there were plays, puppet-shows, songs, and even a range of pottery featuring the barn and the main players. The Barn itself became a tourist attraction, so much so that the barn was stripped by souvenir hunters and no longer stands.
An intriguing post-script to the murder suggested that Maria’s stepmother, who was only a year older than her stepdaughter, was able to lead people to the burial spot as she was implicated in the murder. She was alleged to have been having an affair with Corder, and only came up with the ‘dream’ when he married someone else, and she became jealous.
The mania for murder and public execution became so pronounced that the satirical magazine Punch ridiculed the trend in 1850.
Another craze which came from a public obsession with murder was the fashion for men to cut down their hats in 1864. When banker’s clerk Thomas Briggs had the dubious distinction of being the first man murdered on British railways, the clue left behind by the murderer was a cut-down hat. Muller had cut down the original hat to make it fit better, and then pasted the felt back on, making a much shorter version.
This hat was published in the newspapers, and the version caught the public imagination. Before long, milliners were turning out versions of the hat, which sold in their thousands. This new hat was called a ‘Muller Hat’, and people talked about their hats being ‘Mullered’. Before long ‘being mullered’ became a slang term for being murdered. It wasn’t long before it was adapted to being drunk, as ‘being slaughtered’ was another slang term for being inebriated. To this day in the UK ‘being mullered’ still means being drunk.
It also left us with something else. The cut-down version of the hat became more popular than the original version. In the UK the hat was always called a bowler hat. In the USA it is called a Derby. 50,000 people attended Muller’s execution.
An example of a craze being brought to an end by a murder case relates to Maria Manning. Maria and her husband, Frederick, were convicted of murdering her former lover, Patrick O’Connor. She was a Swiss former-ladies maid with delusions of grandeur. Always fashionable, and impeccably turned-out, she saw herself as the equal to any of the ladies she worked for. The newspapers paid a lot of attention to describing everything she wore throughout the trial. The haughty woman seemed to reflect the glamour of a character in a book, more than real life, as female criminals tended to come from the more down-trodden sections of society. They rarely had looks any woman would aspire to, but Maria Manning was different. The salacious details of the murders also satisfied the public desire to live vicariously, whilst living with buttoned-down respectability of Victorian life.
Dickens actually based the character of Mademoiselle Hortense, the bad-tempered, spiteful maid in Bleak House on Maria Manning. Wilkie Collins also referred to her in The Woman in White, but the fashion for being fuller-figured had changed by that time (eleven years later). It no longer represented affluence, and was something which had more negative connotations. Referring to Count Bosco a character says, “Mr. Murderer and Mrs. Murderess Manning were not both unusually stout people?”
When Maria Manning was hanged on 13th November 1849, she chose to ascend the scaffold black satin, drawing many comments in the press as to how beautiful she looked. One quote said, “beautifully dressed, every part of her noble figure finely and fully expressed by close fitting black satin” Popularity for the fabric plunged at that point, but there’s no truth in the myth that women refused to wear it at all.
A new study, conducted by researchers at Queen’s University Belfast was published in the Journal of Economic History, which shows a fascinating connection between a Victorian craze, and the rise of organized crime. In the 18th century James Lind discovered that vitamin c was a cure for scurvy. That started a demand for the fruit which only grew as time went by. The Victorians made drinks with it, baked with it, used it as a beauty treatment, and even cleaned with it. Although sour, the tumbling price of sugar made it more palatable, and suddenly it was everywhere. Lemonade, lemon bars, lemon cake, and the new lemon meringue pie are just some of the things which suddenly became more commonplace.
And Italy was the main source for lemons.
In 19th century, and early 20th century, the US Italian families held a virtual monopoly on the citrus growing industry, as fruit grown in California and Florida was seen as inferior to the Sicilian fruit. The US market share for the fruit was only a few percent in the 1880s, had reached eighteen percent in 1900, but took until 1920 for them to hold seventy-five percent of the market share. In the 19th century, that meant that most of the world demanded a product produced in the south of Italy. Bourbon-era land reforms meant that land ownership was broken up into fragmented sections, and the greater the demand for a product in the hands of many small land-owners, meant a greater need for private protection for all those small farmers.
I’m sure you can see where this is going, but the study analyzed data from a parliamentary inquiry in 1881-1886 on Sicilian towns. It looked at the causes of crimes in 143 towns, and found that a mafia presence was strongly related to the production of oranges and lemons.
Those providing that protection, soon found out that it helped to show these small famers that they couldn’t do without their tender mercies, and a protection racket was born. It didn’t take long for the successful criminals to begin knocking off their rivals, and venturing into other areas. Very soon they were acting as middle-men between producers and exporters. They also immigrated to the new world, often using their legitimate business as a cover for all kinds of criminal enterprises. The mafia was born, and prohibition really turbo-charged their growth.
So the next time you tuck into your favourite lemon treat, just remember how something so sweet it helped bring us the Mafia.
